Forms of Consumer Market Structure – Perfect Competition, monopoly, oligopoly and monopol

1. Perfect Competition Market
Type a perfectly competitive market occurs when the number of producers are very much at all by producing similar products and similar to the number of consumers that much. Examples of such products are rice, wheat, coal, potatoes, and others. The properties of perfect competition:
- The number of sellers and buyers a lot
- Goods sold similar, similar and similar to each other
- The seller is making the price (price taker)
- Price determined the market mechanism of demand and supply (demand and supply)
- The position of strong bargaining power of consumers
- Difficult to obtain profits above the average
- Sensitive to price changes
- Easy to enter and exit the market

2. Monopolistic market
Monopolistic market structure occurs when the number of manufacturers or sellers with many similar products / similar, but where the consumer products vary from one manufacturer to another. Examples of products are like snacks (snacks), fried rice, pens, books, and so on. The properties of monopolistic markets:
- For superior competitive advantage required a different
- Similar to a perfectly competitive market
- Brand that characterizes the different products
- Manufacturers or sellers have little power to change the price
- Relatively easy in and out of the market

3. Oligopoly Markets
Oligopoly market is a form of market competition that is dominated by a few producers or sellers in one area of ??the region. Examples include oligopolistic industry is the cement industry in Indonesia, the car industry in the United States, and so on. The properties of an oligopoly market:
- Prices of products sold relatively equal
- A superior product differentiation is the key to success
- Difficult to enter the market because it takes a great resource
- Changes in prices will be followed by other companies

4. Market Monopoly
Monopoly market would happen if in the consumer market consists of only one manufacturer or seller. Examples such as Microsoft Windows, the state electricity company (PLN), the railway company (PERUMKA), and others. Monopoly market properties:
- There is only one seller or producer
- Price and quantity of the products offered by a company controlled monopoly
- Generally, a monopoly run by the government for the sake of livelihood of the people
- Very difficult to get into the market because of regulatory laws and resources needed are hard to come
- There is only one type of product in the absence of alternative options
- No need for successful strategies and campaigns

Additional:
- Monopsony is the opposite of monopoly, ie where there is only one purchaser who bought the products produced.
- Monopoly is something that is prohibited in the Republic of Indonesia which is reinforced with anti-monopoly legislation.

According to some rumors, Albert Einstein once said that compound interest is the strongest force in the universe. It has never been proven to be true, but the essence of this statement is something we should all be clear.
The concept is easy to explain by example. Say you open a savings account that pays 5% annual interest. We make an initial contribution of S/.1, 000. After 1 year, those S/.1, 000 will have generated interest S/.50 (5% S/.1, 000). So for the next period, the initial amount on which interest will be calculated S/.1, 050.
If we ran the numbers quickly notice the snowball effect that this build generates. As we saw during the first year S/.50 generate interest. However, the second year S/.52.50 to accumulate from a more original amount (the S/.1, 050 we had at the end of year 1). In the tenth year the interest earned and the year S/.77.60 reach 25 and are in S/.161.25 of interest. End of year 25, we will have accumulated nearly S/.2, 400 only of interest. Mind you, at no time made additional contributions to the bottom … it was building on itself, earning interest on balances generated by adding the original amount with interest of each period.
The logical consequence of this example is that the younger we start, the greater the impact of compounding our economic future. So it is often suggested to young people to develop the savings habit from an early age, ideally separating a percentage of their income since they begin to have them. Those who develop the discipline and get it, will see the benefits in the long term.
As with other issues related to our personal finances , the key is to be informed. In this way, take better decisions … for example, may be worth postponing a “taste” for later to save from young and benefit from the effects of compound interest.

Have you ever face an emergency in which you needed money that you did not have on hand? We all passed. And we all have in our hands the possibility of not being repeated.
Creating and nurturing an Emergency Fund can put us in a situation where we have the cash to pay for this change of tires that we had not anticipated; paying, payment of that extraction of wisdom teeth is tormenting us, or more stress-free job search account when we parted from one day to another and we ran out of that monthly income.
The Emergency Fund will allow us to sleep soundly knowing that we can respond to an urgent financial need without having to resort to credit card or call a family member or friend to ask for money. The need for money is sufficiently uncomfortable as to add to the trouble of having to borrow.
Few financial advice as it has much support. Personal finance gurus always mention it and highlight it as an issue of vital importance, because apart from the goals that each of us can have, we all have to face unexpected expenses at some point.

The IMF was established in 1944 in part to help countries to resist the balance of payments problems by providing temporary financial assistance. The purpose was to stop feeling the need to resort to measures such as devaluation or the imposition of excessive trade barriers, which would unnecessarily harmful consequences to themselves and to other countries. But now that the balance of payments problems occur sometimes in the form of substantial and sudden outflows of capital, could do much more extensive resources are needed to help countries overcome the problems. That is why the spotlight is now on the role the private sector to help resolve the crisis.

When capital flows were restricted during the years following World War II, the volume of external resources needed to attract a country to maintain a reasonable level of economic activity was essentially equal to the shortfall in its current account balance, ie The money needed to buy imports minus foreign exchange earnings derived from exports, sending abroad. (Hence the traditional view that the adequacy of the reserve currency of a country is measured by the number of months of imports that could be paid.) In the emerging market economies, current account deficits have rarely exceeded 5 % of national income.

The volume of capital flows far exceeds the vast sums needed to pay the trade in the extreme situation could happen that a country faces a crisis of confidence needed to have sufficient foreign exchange to pay immediately all its external creditors. In the typical case, that amount is much higher than the current account deficit on average over 30% of national income in emerging market countries. The capital requirement would be even greater if domestic investors try to get their money, which is what happened in the recent crisis in Indonesia, Russia and Brazil.

As the needs have increased potential to support the balance of payments have also increased the resources available to the IMF for a loan, but nowhere at the same pace. The IMF is a credit association in which member countries make contributions in proportion to the global importance of their economies. The country is in difficulties, is entitled to receive credit for an amount that is proportional to the contribution it has signed, subject to agreement on measures of economic adjustment and reform to address the root causes of the problem of balance of payments.

The IMF has agreed to significant lines of credit with several major industrial countries and emerging market economies, according to the so-called General Arrangements to Borrow and New Arrangements to Borrow. But the bulk of the resources available to the IMF comes from the shares held by member countries with balance of payments position is strong. Since 1970, and expressed in U.S. dollars, the total number of shares in real terms has grown by 170%. However, in the same period, according to some studies, emerging market economies have grown by 250%, world trade and a 440% capital flows from the private sector by almost 850%. The IMF currently has around U.S. $ 200.000 million to provide. But this amount represents less than one tenth of the total external debt of low-and mid-to late 1997.

To address this limitation of resources, the IMF has less leeway to the central bank of a country which faces a similar crisis of confidence in its banking system. The central bank of a country can offer an absolute guarantee to reimburse the depositors, because you can print an unlimited amount of currency to inject into the banking system (unless they operate a compensation fund has adopted the currency of another country through “dollarisation”.) The inability of the IMF to intervene in this way, as a classic example of “lender of last resort” is one of the reasons for which countries can sometimes be taken to intensively negotiate with creditors to maintain access to funding and for which, ultimately, it may be necessary in extreme cases limit the ability of creditors to demand repayment in a country which is in serious difficulties. This is what “private sector involvement in crisis resolution.

Moral hazard
Even if the IMF had unlimited resources, would not necessarily be desirable or acceptable from a policy to provide all the currencies you may need in case of a panic by investors. The reason is called “moral hazard”, ie the danger that countries will be encouraged to follow steps lax, and that investors are encouraged to create grant credit considering abandoning the international community to intervene and ensure the repayment if the is twisted. Those who criticized the rescue plan organized by the IMF for Mexico in 1995 argued that, by reimbursement to those who invested in Mexican government bonds denominated in U.S. dollars, the IMF and other international institutions to encourage investment in reckless Southeast Asia.

However, the evidence does not confirm this. Investment in Asia is not headed for the kind of assets that probably would have benefited from the IMF rescue launch. Holders of public debt were the main beneficiaries of the rescue organized to Mexico, but the holdings of public debt rose only slightly in Asia. Similarly, we could have expected a higher volume of credit to Asian banks because the course was likely to enjoy protection in the event of a crisis. Again, it was not. However, this does not mean that moral hazard is insignificant. It is clear that investors were encouraged to put money in Russia partly due to the mistaken belief that the country was “too big” or “too nuclear” to let it fail. Failure to control the moral hazard, it is likely that crises are more frequent and more severe than otherwise.

Do you have a nagging balance on one of your credit cards? Did you know you can pay it off, and save hundreds of dollars at the same time? A balance transfer credit card will help you do just that. This type of card lets you bring over an existing balance or loan and pay it off at a lower interest rate. Here’s how to get the most out of a balance transfer credit card.

Transfer the Balance

Before applying for a balance transfer card, you’ll want to check out your options. First look at the fees involved, as these may vary from card to card. Many companies charge a certain amount to bring over an existing balance. The usual rate is around 3 percent of the total amount, and some cards include a cap of $50 or $75. In most cases, the money you save in interest will outweigh the cost of transferring.

Also compare the interest rates. Balance transfer cards usually come with a 0% APR period. This means that you will have a certain time, usually between six and twelve months, during which you will not be charged any interest. You can use this time to pay off the balance.

Get the Most from it

Once you’ve found the best balance transfer card to apply for, it’s time to pay off the debt. Ideally, you will want to pay it off within the initial zero percent interest timeframe. Say you transfer a balance of $2,400 and you have twelve months of 0% APR. All you need to do is put $200 toward the debt each month for twelve months. Pay that amount at the beginning of each month, or every time you receive a paycheck.

Think about it: if you pay off the $2,400 balance on the card within a year, you will save hundreds of dollars. If your previous card charged 18% APR, and you carried the balance for a year, you would have to pay $432 in interest! That is a significant savings.

If it becomes difficult to pay $200 each month, reduce the amount you pay to $150. Then keep paying that amount until the entire balance is paid off.

Use the Card

Many experts recommend paying off credit card debt before using a new card. This rule of thumb applies to balance transfer credit cards too. Some cards are set up so that if you make new purchases, the amount you pay each month will first be applied to those, and then to the transferred balance. This can make it hard to pay off the balance in its entirety. To avoid problems, don’t use your new credit card right away. Put it in a drawer until you have paid off the balance.

Once the debt is paid off, you can begin using the card. Many balance transfer cards come with additional perks such as rewards programs or cash back options. So when you start shopping with the card, you will receive even more benefits. Try to pay off the amount on the card each month to avoid interest charges and late fees.

A balance transfer credit card can help straighten out your finances. Apply online for one today and you’ll notice the difference right away. Soon you’ll be debt-free, thanks to your credit card.